Havergal Brian's Symphony No1 in D minor Gothic - conducted by Ondrej Lenard.

In 1907–08 Brian had composed a burlesque programmatic work which he called A Fantastic Symphony. Almost immediately he destroyed half of it, keeping just two movements as independent works, yet in light of this The Gothic was first published as ‘Symphony No 2’, and it was only in 1966 that Brian re-numbered his early symphonies so that it became ‘Symphony No 1’.

On the printed title-page of The Gothic stand two lines of verse from the final scene of Goethe’s Faust:

Wer immer strebend sich bemüht,
Den können wir erlösen.

(Whoever strives with all his might
That man we can redeem.)

In his enormous symphony, Brian had indeed striven ‘with all his might’ to create a monumental work of symphonic architecture at a time when he was beset by personal and financial difficulties and his professional career was in the doldrums. It is also a tribute to all the music that Brian had known and loved, and all the people he cared about. ‘This work’, he wrote to his friend Granville Bantock on 27 June 1926, ‘has been inside my heart for a lifetime and naturally there is inside it all those who have been very dear to me—who helped and moulded me.’ On another occasion he spoke of the fifth movement (the ‘Iudex’) as his personal memorial to Hans Richter, whose conducting of the Hallé Orchestra had been such an inspiration to Brian in his youth. So The Gothic is an acknowledgement of debts to the past, and a manifesto for the future: a massive reaffirmation of the idealism of the ‘English Musical Renaissance’ which had been so cruelly shaken by the 1914–18 war. We may speculate, too, that its moments of violence and terror relate directly to the experience of that war.

Brian once told his friend the composer and writer Harold Truscott that the work came to him in a flash so intense that he wanted to cram the whole of it into about twenty bars. The remark tells you something important about Brian. He was not an extravagant or self-indulgent composer. On the contrary, he was a very concise one. In The Gothic he was composing-out an intense moment of vision as briefly as he knew how. One aspect of this—and it is a characteristic that persisted through all his later works—is that he hates elaborate transitions: he doesn’t smooth the way between one idea and the next, and he composes essences, not passages of filling.

The orchestra contains many unusual extras: oboe d’amore, bass oboe, corno di bassetto, pedal clarinet, cornets, bass trumpet and euphoniums among them. Brian attributed this to a suggestion Henry Wood made to him in 1907, that he should write a work to include the complete families of all the different wind instruments—all the oboe family, all the clarinets and so on. Brian uses these, though, not to get a huge undifferentiated noise, but to gain an unprecedented range of subtle instrumental colour.

‘Completist’ in its approach to instrumental timbre, The Gothic is also an encyclopedic compendium of musical styles, from evocations of Gregorian chant and Elizabethan church music to near-atonality and (in the ‘Iudex’) vibrant cluster-chords. Brian poured into it everything he knew; and one of the things he knew from his earliest years was that crack virtuoso competitive choirs could perform the most complicated test-pieces with pinpoint accuracy. The orchestral players are set some severe challenges in The Gothic (the xylophone solo in movement 3 is something like a transcendental étude for the instrument, for instance), but these are child’s play compared to some of the choral writing, especially the intense chromatic polyphony which is one of the Te Deum’s hallmarks.

Brian was fortunate in finding a publisher for his symphony in the London office of the German publisher Cranz, who in 1932 issued the full score in two gigantic (and error-riddled) volumes. Though the published score bears a dedication to one of Brian’s lifelong heroes, namely Richard Strauss—who after a perusal of the score pronounced it ‘magnificent’ (‘großartig’) and expressed his hopes for a speedy premiere—very little of the work (some passages in movements 1 and 3, perhaps) shows much of Strauss’s influence. Berlioz—particularly the Berlioz of the Grande messe des morts—is a more relevant progenitor. The Gothic is in fact the most extreme example of the perilous hybrid genre that Beethoven initiated with his Ninth Symphony.

In what sense is Brian’s work a ‘Gothic’ symphony? He doesn’t use the word with its comparatively modern meaning of ‘horrific’, though some dark and terrifying things do happen in the work’s course. He means the high and late medieval period (approximately 1150–1550), the Gothic era as we understand it through its defining creation, the Gothic style of architecture, whose ultimate expressions are the great Gothic cathedrals of Northern Europe. This was the age that excited the imaginations of the great Romantic artists, to whose achievements Brian was heir. And into that age, into the stones of its cathedrals, was etched the ultimate certainty that life is a struggle between good and evil.

Composed through a period of seven or eight years (mainly at night, while Brian worked as a music-copyist and journalist and at various odd jobs through the day), The Gothic unites two long-contemplated schemes—a work on Goethe’s Faust and a setting of the Te Deum—in a symphonic vision of the Gothic Age as a period of almost exponential expansion of human knowledge, both secular and spiritual, glorious and terrible. The first three movements, for large orchestra, relate in a general way to Goethe’s Faust, Part 1 (Faust as the archetypal Gothic-Age man, aspiring mystic and seeker after hidden knowledge). But they are merely a prelude. The fourth, fifth and sixth movements encompass a gigantic, hour-long setting of the Te Deum, and here Brian requires four vocal soloists, two large double choruses totalling about 500 voices along with children’s choir, four brass bands, and an orchestra that out-bulks the most extreme demands of Mahler, Strauss or Schoenberg. Taken literally, the score requires at least 32 woodwind, 24 brass, two timpanists, a percussion section involving 17 players, two harps, celesta, organ, and an enlarged string section of at least 20 first violins, 20 second violins, 16 violas, 14 cellos and 12 double basses. This is for the main orchestra. The brass bands each comprise an additional two horns, two trumpets, two trombones, two tubas and a set of timpani. At minimum, therefore, Brian envisaged about 750 performers. The 2011 Proms performance was the first to reach and surpass that number in near-ideal conditions: altogether over 800 singers and players were involved.

Three different levels of musical argument—dramatic, tonal, motivic—create the work’s musical logic. On the expressive plane, Part 1 is dynamic in the familiar symphonic sense, a logical development from the achievements of Wagner, Bruckner, Strauss, Elgar and early Schoenberg. Part 2, however, becomes cultural drama, evoking the totality of Western Music around one great familiar unifying text. The overall tonal progression is a strikingly rich and dramatic example of what is sometimes called ‘progressive tonality’, moving from an initial D minor (the principal key of Part 1, which ends in D major) to a new centre of E major. Intermittently foreshadowed in Part 1 and established during movement 4, it is then frequently threatened by other keys but survives into the darkly glowing choral murmur of the work’s final bars. The keys are, however, often interpreted very freely, expanded by chromaticism or modal inflection.

The first movement opens with a thrilling orchestral gesture that propels us into a modified sonata-allegro with a terse, wiry first subject in D minor. Its initial shape—a leap of a third and then, from the same base note, to a fifth—is a germinal motif, encapsulating the drive to expand outwards, that will grow and change throughout the entire work. A lyrical ‘folk-like’ second subject, announced by a solo violin in D flat and later turning to D major, makes an extreme contrast. A tough development section seizes fragments of both themes and the orchestration takes on a fantastic quality. The recapitulation starts with a beautiful violin cadenza that recalls the second subject, now in E major. The first grandiose entry of the organ is a surprise Brian reserves for the final bars.

The second movement is a haunted processional in 5/4 time. Two elements—a dotted-note rhythm heard on tubas and timpani and a noble, flexible march-melody stated by violas and cellos immediately afterwards—are developed in association and in competition. The music rises to climactic statements of the march-theme: the grandest of these climaxes subsides suddenly into the shadows, and a bass clarinet leads directly into the Vivace scherzo-finale of Part 1. Here a rushing Bruckner-like ostinato in D minor kicks off a series of contrasted episodes at different speeds, establishing a huge, relentless, underlying momentum. The work’s principal motif recurs as a mysterious, glowing horn-call, and becomes a bass for violent, warlike developments, full of march-and-fanfare images. These culminate in a fantastic transformation of the ostinato, weirdly scored, with a bizarre xylophone cadenza that is eventually sucked into a skirling polytonal heterophony. Four descending trombone pedal-notes, amplified by all the low brass instruments, plunge into a thundering climax that is the logical culmination of the earlier battlefield imagery. A crushingly decisive cadence hurls the music back into D minor; it is suddenly cut off for a coda of unexpected calm, ending on a last shimmering triad of D major that also opens Part 2, the huge three-movement Te Deum.

In the Te Deum Brian’s inspiration was the great Gothic cathedrals of Northern Europe, whose architecture (and the music that was sung in them) had transfixed his imagination since he first saw Lichfield Cathedral as a child chorister. But Brian was not a believer in any doctrinal sense. His is not a religious but a secular Te Deum, an interpretation of the text as a human and communal drama; no conventional expression of praise but an evocation of the human spirit struggling against immense odds, where the will to rejoice is threatened at every turn. It is this that makes the quotation from Faust on the symphony’s title-page so apposite.

This Te Deum attempts a new, freely evolving conception of structure while making use of the widest possible range of stylistic resources. It spans a great arch from neo-medieval vocal polyphony to shattering brass outbursts of purely twentieth-century barbarity. Writing in 1962 in The Penguin Book of Choral Music, having heard only the work’s first, semi-amateur performance, the late Deryck Cooke described Brian’s setting as ‘a dithyrambic paean of complex neo-medieval counterpoint like nothing else in music’, that ‘reveals the mind of a truly visionary genius’.

Here Brian employs his full forces in the most disparate kinds of music, and the text itself becomes a unifying force, relating the various musics to the central stream of thought. So the symphony’s fourth movement is concerned with praise and statements of the acts and nature of God. The radiant opening introduces first the choruses, then the vocal soloists. After a big orchestral fanfare the full forces are unleashed in a fantastic musical act of multitudinous rejoicing. From here the music evolves through a series of contrasting episodes which impose a formal logic on the treatment of the text while the mood darkens.

Movement 5 sets just one terrifying line of text: ‘Iudex crederis esse venturus’ (‘You are believed to be about to come as judge’). It opens boldly with the four choruses singing in overlapping triads, creating dense, glowing chord-clusters. The solo soprano sings the complete text, and the choirs launch into polyphony of fantastic complexity and fierce dissonance, divided in over twenty parts. After a wordless vocalise for solo soprano and a thrilling fanfare for eight trumpets, the orchestra enters for the first time with a grim juggernaut of a march. The four choruses, supported by separate brass bands, each proclaim the text with intervening orchestral refrains. A vigorous orchestral development follows, gradually becoming more intense. Eventually a thunderous outpouring of sound from the full forces (brass bands included) resplendently confirms the final E major.

The sixth movement is the longest of all, containing the greatest contrasts of material, expression and scoring. A solo oboe d’amore introduces a floridly expressive tenor solo (‘Te ergo, quaesumus …’). A kind of celestial dance begins in the orchestra, brilliantly and brightly scored, with wordless participation from the choirs. Gradually Brian builds up the most texturally complex passage in the whole symphony, with a huge climax for the full forces. ‘Salvum fac populum tuum’ brings a return to antiphonal chanting of the kind heard in the fourth movement. After further episodes, nine clarinets in a row present a jaunty marching song that introduces a joyously tuneful setting of ‘et laudamus nomen tuum’ which builds to a roof-raising climax of forthright splendour.

The mood darkens for an anguished, imploring bass aria (‘Dignare, Domine, die isto’) followed by a rapt double-fugue for choirs alone, whose subject harks right back to the opening of the symphony. This cadences sadly into E minor, and then all hell is let loose. The full brass of the orchestra and the bands, with six timpanists and percussion, unleash two diabolically dissonant assaults upon the ear and provoke two agonized choral cries of ‘non confundar in aeternum’. The coda, with its impassioned cello line, is as desolate a voice from the depths as any in music. But the final choral murmur is in E major, serene and unaffected: a mysterious radiance that, as Thomas Mann has it in Doktor Faustus, ‘abides as a light in the night’.

Owing to its extraordinary array of forces, The Gothic requires an especially spacious venue. The premiere took place thirty-four years after its completion, at Central Hall, Westminster, on 24 June 1961, with semi-professional forces conducted by Bryan Fairfax. The first fully professional performance, mounted by the BBC, came five years later, when Sir Adrian Boult conducted the augmented BBC Symphony Orchestra on 30 October 1966 in the presence of the ninety-year-old composer at the Royal Albert Hall, the only venue which has heard the music more than once. On 25 May 1980, The Gothic returned to the Royal Albert Hall for a second BBC-sponsored presentation, with Ole Schmidt conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, and its third presentation there was its first performance at the BBC Proms, in 2011.

from notes by Calum MacDonald © 2011


The genesis of the work stems from many sources, but several may be mentioned briefly: a conversation Brian had with Henry Wood about writing a suite that would revive the older instruments which had fallen out of use in the modern symphony orchestra, such as the oboe d'amore or basset horn. This idea was repudiated by Brian's close friend Granville Bantock, but returned when Brian turned to writing symphonies after the end of the First World War. The Gothic element refers to the vision of the Gothic age (from about 1150 to 1500) as representing a huge (almost unlimited) expansion in humanity's artistic and intellectual development, but particularly manifest in the architecture of the great European cathedrals. The scale of the choral finale, which took several years to write, appears to be an attempt to evoke the scale and detail of this architecture in sound; Brian had to paste blank pages of score together to be able to write the work on gigantic sheets with 54 staves to the page. Brian also seems to have identified with the character of Faust, particularly in attempting to write such affirmative music in the post-war atmosphere when many composers had turned from pre-war giganticism, and the finale bears an apposite quote from Goethe's Faust Part Two Act V, which translates as "The man who ever strives may earn redemption". Brian dedicated the work to Richard Strauss, who in a letter of acknowledgement described it as "grossartig" (magnificent).

The work (more specifically the first three orchestral movements) was submitted in 1928 as an entry for the 1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition in memory of Schubert and won second prize in the 'English Zone' of that contest; in the final international judging in Vienna it was one of a number of works – others were by Czesław Marek, Franz Schmidt and Charles Haubiel – that lost out to the Sixth Symphony of Kurt Atterberg. It was however published in 1932 by the Leipzig-based Cranz & Co. (in an edition beset with printing errors), as "Symphony No. 2" — the number it bore until Brian renumbered his early symphonies in 1967, eliminating the long-defunct A Fantastic Symphony of 1907 and inserting the previously-unnumbered Sinfonia Tragica of 1948 as the new No. 6. A photographically-reduced study score of the Cranz edition was published by United Music Publishers in 1976, though with little effort to correct the copious errors, and still bearing the by-now incorrect No. 2.
Instrumentation

The orchestral forces for this symphony are commonly thought to be the largest employed in the symphonic repertoire. In practice, some small reductions can be made without discernible loss (e.g. cutting two of the orchestral trumpets and the doubling to 2nd contrabass trombone).
Part One

Woodwinds

2 piccolos (1 doubling 4th flute)
3 flutes (1 doubling alto flute)
2 oboes
oboe d'amore
cor anglais
bass oboe
E♭ clarinet
2 B♭ clarinets
basset horn
bass clarinet
3 bassoons
contrabassoon

Brass

6 horns
E♭ cornet
4 trumpets
bass trumpet
3 tenor trombones
2 tubas

Percussion

2 sets of timpani
glockenspiel
xylophone
bass drums
snare drum
tambourine
cymbals
tam-tam
triangle

Keyboards

organ
celesta

Strings

2 harps,
16 1st violins
16 2nd violins
12 violas
10 cellos
8 double basses[4]

Part Two

Woodwinds

2 piccolos (1 doubling 7th flute)
6 flutes (1 doubling alto flute)
6 oboes (1 doubling oboe d'amore, 1 doubling bass oboe)
2 cors anglais
2 E♭ clarinets (1 doubling 5th B♭ clarinet)
4 B♭ clarinets
2 basset horns
2 bass clarinets
contrabass clarinet
3 bassoons
2 contrabassoons

Brass

8 horns
2 E♭ cornets
4 trumpets
bass trumpet
3 tenor trombones
bass trombone
contrabass trombone
2 euphoniums
2 tubas

Percussion

2 sets of timpani
glockenspiel
xylophone
2 bass drums
2 (preferably 3) snare drums
long drum
2 tambourines
6 sets of cymbals
tam-tam
thunder machine
tubular bells
chimes
chains
2 triangles
bird scarer Ratchet (instrument)

Keyboards

organ
celesta

Offstage

8 horns
8 trumpets
8 tenor trombones
8 tubas
4 sets of timpani

Voices

soprano soloist
alto soloist
tenor soloist
baritone soloist
4 SATB choirs
1 children's choir

Strings

2 harps
20 1st violins
20 2nd violins
16 violas
14 cellos
12 double basses[4]

The off-stage brass and timpani are organised into four "Brass Orchestras", each consisting of 2 trumpets, 2 horns, 2 tenor trombones, 2 tubas and 3 timpani (one player)
Form

The symphony consists of six movements, organised into two parts with each part containing three movements, marked as follows:

Part One

I. Allegro assai – attacca:
II. Lento espressivo e solenne – attacca:
III. Vivace – attacca:

Part Two

IV. Te Deum laudamus. Allegro moderato
V. Judex crederis esse venturus. Adagio solenne e religioso
VI. Te ergo quaesumus. Moderato e molto sostenuto

Part one is exclusively orchestral; part two requires the full ensemble, with choral parts set to the words of the Latin religious hymn, the Te Deum. The three movements in Part One play for about forty minutes uninterrupted, and set the stage for the choir-dominated Part Two, which is over an hour in duration and contains a huge range of styles of music, daringly welded together in an attempt to solve the "finale problem" which Brian had set himself. It is written for an extremely large symphony orchestra, four additional brass orchestras, four vocal soloists, four adult choirs, and children's choir.

The work begins with a brilliant flourish given by the full orchestra (which in Part One number approximately one hundred players). The first movement appears to feature two extremely contrasted ideas in the style of sonata form, one a vigorous leaping figure in D minor, the other a suave melody first stated on solo violin in the remote key of D-flat major, though the working out of the music involves a process of ongoing development within the exposition, and avoids the expected re-capitulation by reversing the order of musical events, with the return of the first idea effectively starting the coda. The second movement begins with a stately and solemn march, almost as for a funeral cortege, which builds to a grim and powerful conclusion. The third movement starts with an ostinato in the style of Bruckner[5] that gives way to a recurring idea based on the opening leaping figure of the first movement, initially stated on horns. After various developments culminating in a bizarre polytonal passage with a virtuoso xylophone cadenza, the theme is transformed into a climactic march which eventually throws the movement into the home key of D minor, and subsides quietly with the original statement of the music for horns followed by a harp arpeggio and a final chord of D major.

At this point the choirs and soloists strike in unaccompanied with the opening stanza of the Te Deum, followed immediately by a fanfare for the enlarged orchestra for Part Two (which is supposed to be about 150-strong, besides the extra 40 or so players comprising the four extra brass orchestras). The eclecticism of Brian's music here borrows references as diverse as mediaeval fauxbourdon, Renaissance multiple polyphony on the scale of Tallis's Spem in alium all the way through to twentieth century tone clusters, polytonality and the use of percussion and brass in a Varèse-like outburst of extreme dissonance. The text is treated episodically with sections for full orchestra and choir frequently alternating with unaccompanied passages for the choir alone. The fourth movement moves away from tonalities centered around D and establishes E as a new tonal centre, which is strenuously challenged in the following movements. The start of the fifth movement involves only the choirs in a fearsomely chromatic un-accompanied polyphonic passage, after which the soprano soloist gently sings a wordless vocalise "like an indefinite intonation". A fanfare for eight trumpets and a lengthy orchestral passage then introduces each of the four separate brass orchestras paired with one of the four corresponding choirs. A second orchestral development then culminates in a huge climax for the full forces. Thereafter the sixth and final movement continues with even more contrasted and episodic treatment of the text as the music seems to struggle to reach a conclusion. At the final words "non confundar in aeternum" the music violently flares up with two dissonant outbursts answered by the choirs, followed by a despairing orchestral coda, but the work is finally clinched with a murmuring from the choir, which finally confirms the tonality of E major where the words "non confundar in aeternum" are repeated.

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